1. Introduction
The knee examination is used to assess osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, meniscal pathology, ligament injury and effusions.
2. Inspection and palpation
Inspect the knees standing and lying for alignment, swelling, scars, quadriceps wasting, deformity and skin changes. Palpate for warmth, joint line tenderness, patellar tenderness and effusion.
3. Movement and special tests
Assess active and passive flexion and extension. If appropriate, perform tests for an effusion such as the patellar tap or bulge sign. Meniscal and ligament tests should be targeted to the history and done carefully.
4. Completion
To complete the examination, assess gait and examine the hip and ankle if relevant.
Preparation
Inspection
Palpation
Movement
Special tests
Completion